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Treatment often involves some combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. A biopsy may be obtained in certain cases to categorize the lesion if the diagnosis is uncertain. Diagnosis involves a complete medical evaluation followed by imaging with a CT or MRI. The most common type of intradural-intramedullary tumors are ependymomas and astrocytomas.
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The most common type of intradural-extramedullary tumors are meningiomas and nerve-sheath tumors. There are many genetic factors associated with intradural tumors, most commonly neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), and Von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) syndrome. Most extradural tumors are metastatic commonly from breast, prostate, lung, and kidney cancer. Loss of bowel and bladder control may occur during the later stages of the disease. Other common symptoms include muscle weakness, sensory loss, and difficulty walking. The most common presenting symptom of spinal tumors is nocturnal back pain. Intradural-intramedullary tumors are located within the dura and spinal cord parenchyma, while intradural-extramedullary tumors are located within the dura but outside the spinal cord parenchyma. Intradural tumors are located inside the dura mater lining and are further subdivided into intramedullary and extramedullary tumors. Extradural tumors are located outside the dura mater lining and are most commonly metastatic. There are three main types of spinal tumors classified based on their location: extradural and intradural (intradural-intramedullary and intradural-extramedullary). Spinal tumors are neoplasms located in either the vertebral column or the spinal cord.